What will happen to the world if there is no sanitation revolution

Definition of Sanitation and Current and Past Conditions

Sanitation from the past until now is something that is important to pay attention to. Currently many countries are expected to be able to provide adequate basic sanitation. This is also stated in SDGs number 6, namely so that everyone can have adequate and equitable facilities by 2030. Apart from that, many organizations are busy campaigning for the importance of sanitation, such as overcoming the global sanitation crisis. even in 2010 the UN also recognized that sanitation and water are human rights.

Sanitation conditions in several countries are currently still relatively poor, especially in low-income countries. Whereas in developed countries, generally have adequate facilities and it has become the norm to keep the environment clean. so that the sanitation conditions are fairly good. However, keeping in mind how things used to be in the past, present sanitary conditions continue to evolve for the better

In early civilizations (before 500 BC), sanitation was an aspect that was noticed. Evidence from archaeological finds from the Indus valley in northern India, dated to around 2000 BC, suggests the presence of bathrooms and drainage systems within houses and drains that were located lower than street level. The same thing was also found in various kingdoms at that time, especially in the ancient Egyptian kingdom. However, the Middle Ages said that health problems were not related to environmental conditions, including sanitation, but took a spiritual approach. This culminated in the 18th century where industrial conditions were quite rapid which resulted in worsening environmental conditions and in the end various health problems occurred.

Relationship between Sanitation and Health Revolution

The sanitation revolution played a big role in the health revolution. Although at first there were many misconceptions related to health, such as the notion that disease was a curse and as the British in 1840 also believed that disease was caused by poverty. However, this mistake was realized and finally acknowledged that there is a relationship between health problems and the environment/sanitation. Some of the pioneers include Edwin Chadwick, John Snow, William Budd, and John Simon in England; Ignaz Semmelweis in Australia; and Lemuel Shattuck in Boston, who argued that there was a link between illness and death and unsanitary conditions and advocated sanitation reform. Which then attracted attention to sanitation issues to be resolved immediately and eventually reformed and evolved for the better. So what if this doesn't happen until now?

What If There Was No Sanitation Revolution

Because sanitation is highly correlated with health, if there is no revolution in better sanitation, it is certain that public health will be threatened and the death rate from disease will increase. In addition, the transmission of infectious diseases is also difficult to overcome because a dirty environment is a nest of the disease itself, such as the incidence of a typhus outbreak that attracted national attention in England. According to the results of research conducted by Helgertz and Önnerfors on mortality in Sweden, a sanitation reform only reduced infant mortality by about six percent between 1875 and 1930. However, they also state that these reforms led to an estimated nine percent reduction in deaths from waterborne diseases and a five percent reduction in overall mortality. You can also see the pattern of deaths that occurred in Philadelphia and New York from 1889 to 1910 with an average of 43.1 typhus deaths per 100,000 people. Building on a paper by Ewald (1991, p. 106), he argued that improving water quality would likely reduce mortality from 'severe pathogens' such as 'V. classic cholera, salmonella typhi and shigella dysenteriae', and that increased water quantity is more likely to reduce mortality than more 'benign' ones. pathogens such as 'el tor V. cholerae, shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic E. coli'.

Hygiene products are also unlikely to be developed. Given the fact that hygiene products are growing as the availability of hygiene is growing. Which means that diseases such as diarrhea and other personal hygiene diseases are on the rise and cannot be prevented. Because it has been proven that there is a relationship between a decrease in infant mortality and an increase in soap and detergent production across geography in the same time period, across time in the same geography from the 19th century to the 20th century.

However, sanitation is the most important thing to pay attention to when talking about health. Preventing the impacts that occur due to sanitation should be the first thing that needs to be done instead of solving the problems that occur afterwards. So if there is no revolution in sanitation until now, it is very likely that the death rate will increase and may even lead to extinction because the main root cause of death due to the disease itself is not addressed.

Bibliography:

academic.oup.com. (2019, Oktober 15). Water and Filth: Reevaluating the First Era of Sanitary . Diambil kembali dari academic.oup.com: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/69/Supplement_5/S377/5587098

Allison E. Aiello, P. M. (2008, Desember). Hidden heroes of the health revolution .

Helgert, B. H. (2019, Juni 10). Urban sanitation and the decline of mortality. Diambil kembali dari tandfonline.com: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rhof20

Pillian, E. M. (2020, September 9). What Would the World Be If There Is No Sanitary Revolution. Diambil kembali dari interscientia: https://interscientia.org/2020/09/09/what-would-the-world-be-if-there-is-no-sanitary-revolution/

By : Raihan, M.B

Proses Pembentukan Tanah

 Tanah merupakan material yang terdiri dari butiran/agregat mineral-mineral pada yang tidak sementasi satu sama lain dan dari bahan-bahan organik yang telah melapuk di sertai dengan zat cair dan gas yang mengisi ruang-ruang kosong diantara partikel-partikel padat tersebut. Sifat-sifat fisik dari tanah bergantung dari beberapa faktor, seperti ukuran, bentuk, komposisi kimia dari sebuah butiran. 

Butiran-butiran mineral yang membentuk bagian dari tanah merupakan hasil dari pelapukan bebatuan. Bebatuan dapat dibagi menjadi tiga tipe dasar, diantaranya 

1.  Batuan Beku (Igneus rock)

Terbentuk dari membekunya magma cair yang keluar dari perut bumi melalui rekahan-rekahan kulit bumi ataupun melalui gunung berapi dimana akhirnya mendingin dan membatu. Magma yang mendingin dan menjadi batu sebelum sampai kelur dari permukaan bumi disebut batuan beku dalam atau plutonic rock.

2. batuan sedimen ( sedimentary rock) 

Terbentuk akibat pengendapan berbagai bahan yang terbawa oleh air, udara ataupun es dan membentuk sedimen serta mengalami kompaksi,litifikasi.

3. Bebatuan Metamorf (metamorfphic rock). 

Bebatuan yang mengalami transmoorfasi ataupun perubahan bentuk karena proses pengangkatan ataupun erosi pada tanah dan menjadi bebatuan yang baru.

    Adapun iklus kejaidan beberapa tipe batuan tersebut dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1. 

Gambar 1. Siklus Batuan 

Sumber : Mekanika Tanah 1 Jilid 1  BRAJA M.DAS

Pelapukan merupakan suatu proses terurainya batuan menjadi kecil akibat peroses mekais dan kimia. Dilihat dari segi prosesnya, pelapukan dibagi menjadi dua , yaitu pelapukan mekanis dan pelapukan secara kimia.

Pada pelapukan mekanis bebatuan besar akan pecah menjadi bagian yang kecil-kecil tanpa melibatkan perubahan dalam komposisi secara kimia dari mineral bebatuan tersebut.  Pelapukan mekanis dapat disebabkan oleh memuai dan menyusutnya batuan akibat perubahan panas dan dingin yang secara terus menerus dan pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan hancurnya bebatuan. Apabila terdapat retakan halus dan terdapat air yang meresap kedalam bebatuan disertau temperatur udara yang turun dibawah titik beku, dapat menyebabkan memuainya volume air menjadi es. Hal tersebut juga dapat menyebabkan bebatuan pecah. Selain itu faktor fakor lain yang dapat menyebabkan pecahnya bebatuann ialah, aingin, air yang mengali di sungai, gelombang air laut serta es gletser. 

Sedangkan proses pelapukan kimia, bebatuan di ubah menjadi mineral-mineral baru melalui proses reaksi kimia. Seperti halnya air dan karbon dioksida di udara membentuk asam asam karbon yang kemudian bereaksi dengan mineral-mineral batuan dan membentuk mineral baru di sertai garam-garam terlarut.

Jadi proses pelapukan dapat mengubah bebatuan yang besar menjadi pecahan-pecahan dengan ukuran lebih kecil bahkan menjadi butiran-butiran yangg merupakan bagian dari tanah

Ditulis Oleh : Raihan, M.B